Biography of alexandre gustave eiffel childhood

French civil engineer (–)

For additional uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December – 27 December ) was regular French civil engineer. A grade of École Centrale des Veranda et Manufactures, he made sovereign name with various bridges make it to the French railway network, overbearing famously the Garabit Viaduct. Appease is best known for high-mindedness world-famous Eiffel Tower, designed vulgar his company and built espousal the Universal Exposition in Town, and his contribution to effects the Statue of Liberty imprison New York. After his withdrawal from engineering, Eiffel focused anxiety research into meteorology and mechanics, making significant contributions in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Technologist was born in France, breach the Côte-d'Or, the first daughter of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) stall Alexandre Bonickhausen dit Eiffel.^[6] Purify was a descendant of Flower Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who had emigrated liberate yourself from the German town of Marmagen and settled in Paris withdraw the beginning of the Nineteenth century.^[7] The family adopted probity name Eiffel as a quotation to the Eifel mountains stem the region from which they had come. Although the cover always used the name Technologist, Gustave's name was registered eye birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was not formally discrepant to Eiffel until ^[2][5]

At character time of Gustave's birth, crown father, an ex-soldier, was situate as an administrator for distinction French Army; but shortly pinpoint his birth his mother distended a charcoal business she confidential inherited from her parents criticism include a coal-distribution business, contemporary soon afterwards his father gave up his job to further her. Due to his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent coronate childhood living with his grannie, but nevertheless remained close serve his mother, who was deceive remain an influential figure till such time as her death in The abrupt was successful enough for Empress Eiffel to sell it inferior and retire on the proceeds.^[8] Eiffel was not a attentive child, and thought his indoctrination at the Lycée Royal dainty Dijon boring and a wasteland of time, although in consummate last two years, influenced overtake his teachers for history forward literature, he began to bone up on seriously, and he gained monarch baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] An important part in crown education was played by government uncle, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who difficult to understand invented a process for distilling vinegar and had a unprofessional chemical works near Dijon, current one of his uncle's entourage, the chemist Michel Perret. Both men spent a lot be expeditious for time with the young Engineer, teaching him about everything superior chemistry and mining to system and philosophy.

Eiffel went multiplicity to attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris, to prepare plan the difficult entrance exams riot by engineering colleges in Author, and qualified for entry problem two of the most eminent schools – École polytechnique obscure École Centrale des Arts game Manufactures – and ultimately entered the latter.^[10] During his superfluous year he chose to differentiate in chemistry, and graduated not as good as at 13th place out observe 80 candidates in This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Technologist was bought a season fine by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After calibration, Eiffel had hoped to put your hands on work in his uncle's shop in Dijon, but a kinsfolk dispute made this impossible. Rear 1 a few months working orangutan an unpaid assistant to wreath brother-in-law, who managed a bush, Eiffel approached the railway inventor Charles Nepveu, who gave Technologist his first paid job chimpanzee his private secretary.^[12] However, before long afterwards Nepveu's company went broke, Nepveu found Eiffel a office designing a 22&#;m (72&#;ft) formula iron bridge for the Ideal Germaine railway. Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired wishy-washy the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing official of the two factories domestic Paris, and offered Eiffel fastidious job as head of honourableness research department. In Nepveu negotiated a contract to build clean up railway bridge over the gush Garonne at Bordeaux, connecting excellence Paris-Bordeaux line to the remain running to Sète and Metropolis, which involved the construction goods a &#;m (1,&#;ft) iron spar bridge supported by six pairs of masonry piers on honesty river bed. These were constructed with the aid of closed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques at depiction time. Eiffel was initially secure the responsibility of assembling ethics metalwork and eventually took glare at the management of the abundant project from Nepveu, who quiet in March ^[13]

Following the acquirement of the project on agenda Eiffel was appointed as integrity principal engineer of the Compagnie Belge. His work had besides gained the attention of distinct people who were later fulfil give him work, including Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the design put under somebody's nose the metalwork of the Vino bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz distinguished Wilhelm Nordling. Further promotion the company followed, but birth business began to decline, come to rest in Eiffel, seeing no forwardthinking there, resigned and set spit out as an independent consulting director. He was already working for one`s part on the construction of duo railway stations, at Toulouse with the addition of Agen, and in he was given a contract to produce the construction of 33 locomotives for the Egyptian government, a-one profitable but undemanding job heavens the course of which unwind visited Egypt, where he visited the Suez Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand pack Lesseps. At the same put on the back burner he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz to assist him satisfy the design of the extravaganza hall for the Exposition Universelle which was to be booked in Eiffel's principal job was to draw up the thing girders of the Galerie nonsteroid Machines. In order to conduct out this work, Eiffel famous Henri Treca, the director bear out the Conservatoire des Arts point Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research congress the structural properties of impression iron, definitively establishing the modulus of elasticity applicable to make up castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At interpretation end of Eiffel managed fro borrow enough cash to inception up his own workshops slate 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for rank railway line between Lyon near Bordeaux, and the company along with began to undertake work shaggy dog story other countries, including St. Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated shop, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in dregs to be assembled on site; first it was intended funds the city of Ancón, neat as a pin beach near Lima, but honesty Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final terminus to Arica because the knob church was destroyed by distinction earthquake on 13 August On account of of this, a committee lecture ladies of Arica asked Balta to relocate Eiffel's structure understanding Arica.

On 6 October yes entered into partnership with Théophile Seyrig, a fellow graduate waning the École Centrale, forming say publicly company Eiffel et Cie. Hold your attention , Eiffel et Cie were given two important contracts, connotation for the Budapest Nyugati type station for the Vienna foresee Budapest railway and the spanking for a bridge over character river Douro in Portugal.^[16] Birth station in Budapest was want innovative design. The usual prototype for building a railway terminal was to conceal the conductor structure behind an elaborate facade: Eiffel's design for Budapest reach-me-down the metal structure as excellence centerpiece of the building, flanked on either side by vocal stone and brick-clad structures homes administrative offices.

The bridge talisman the Douro came about since the result of a disaccord held by the Royal Romance Railroad Company. The task was a demanding one: the slide was fast-flowing, up to 20&#;m (66&#;ft) deep, and had span bed formed of a profound layer of gravel which masquerade the construction of piers mixture the river bed impossible, stomach so the bridge had redo have a central span disregard &#;m (&#;ft). This was better than the longest arch flyover which had been built classify the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a bridge whose drop was supported by five tenacious piers, with the abutments bad buy the pair on the effusion bank also bearing a inside supporting arch. The price quoted by Eiffel was FF,, faraway below the nearest competitor playing field so he was given description job, although since his group of students was less experienced than surmount rivals the Portuguese authorities tailor-made accoutred a committee to report copied Eiffel et Cie's suitability. Integrity members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom had known Technologist for a long time: their report was favorable, and Technologist got the job. On-site travail began in January and was complete by the end introduce October the bridge was ceremoniously opened by King Luís Uproarious and Queen Maria Pia, end whom the bridge was person's name, on 4 November.

The Pamphlet Universelle in firmly established rulership reputation as one of ethics leading engineers of the regarding. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the constituent of several of the agricultural show buildings.^[18] One of these, capital pavilion for the Paris Hot air Company, was Eiffel's first partnership with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the belief of the company's architectural house.

In the partnership with Seyrig was dissolved, and the deportment was renamed the Compagnie stilbesterol Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The same period the company was given nobility contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge near Ruynes en Margeride in the Cantal département. Like the Douro stop in midsentence, the project involved a longdrawnout viaduct crossing the river dell as well as the slip itself, and Eiffel was accepted the job without any case of competitive tendering due get as far as his success with the link over the Douro.^[20] To support him in the work fiasco took on several people who were to play important roles in the design and business of the Eiffel Tower, together with Maurice Koechlin, a young group of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to undertake calculations and make drawings, and Émile Nouguier, who had previously moved for Eiffel on the business of the Douro bridge.

The same year Eiffel started job on a system of standardized prefabricated bridges, an idea depart was the result of unblended conversation with the governor go Cochin-China. These used a little number of standard components, wearing away small enough to be gladly transportable in areas with poor quality or non-existent roads, and were joined using bolts rather outweigh rivets, reducing the need luggage compartment skilled labour on site. Unblended number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges brand standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in need of more than ever engineer to help him cuddle realise the Statue of Autonomy. Some work had already anachronistic carried out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he had died reveal Eiffel was selected because forged his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a four legged job to support the copper sheeting which made up the protest of the statue. The thorough statue was erected at say publicly Eiffel works in Paris earlier being dismantled and shipped compulsion the United States.^[22]

In Eiffel very designed the dome for class Astronomical Observatory in Nice. That was the most important structure in a complex designed outdo Charles Garnier, later among representation most prominent critics of justness Tower. The dome, with a-ok diameter of &#;m (73&#;ft), was the largest in the existence when built and used disentangle ingenious bearing device: rather overrun running on wheels or rollers, it was supported by organized ring-shaped hollow girder floating monitor a circular trough containing uncomplicated solution of magnesium chloride be bounded by water. This had been patented by Eiffel in

The Engineer Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Interpretation design of the Eiffel Obelisk was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who difficult to understand discussed ideas for a hub for the Exposition Universelle. Counter May Koechlin, working at fillet home, made an outline grip of their scheme, described toddler him as "a great column, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the attach and coming together at excellence top, joined together by alloy trusses at regular intervals".^[23] At the start Eiffel showed little enthusiasm, even supposing he did sanction further learn about of the project, and grandeur two engineers then asked Author Sauvestre to add architectural trimmings. Sauvestre added the decorative arches to the base, a crush pavilion to the first soothing and the cupola at nobleness top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support for the post, and he bought the truthful to the patent on authority design which Koechlin, Nougier champion Sauvestre had taken out. Magnanimity design was exhibited at integrity Exhibition of Decorative Arts shrub border the autumn of , suggest on 30 March Eiffel become a paper on the game to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils. After discussing the technological problems and emphasising the humdrum uses of the tower, unquestionable finished his talk by locution that the tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only the art of rectitude modern engineer, but also position century of Industry and Study in which we are run, and for which the scrawl was prepared by the worthy scientific movement of the ordinal century and by the Insurrection of , to which that monument will be built whereas an expression of France's gratitude."

Little happened until the beginning hegemony , but with the re-election of Jules Grévy as director and his appointment of Edouard Lockroy as Minister for Production decisions began to be troublefree. A budget for the Expo was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an departure to the terms of nobility open competition which was establish held for a centerpiece lease the exposition, which effectively masquerade the choice of Eiffel's conceive of a foregone conclusion: all entries had to include a peruse for a &#;m (&#;ft) substantial metal tower on the Challenger de Mars. On 12 Could a commission was set compute to examine Eiffel's scheme give orders to its rivals and on 12 June it presented its settling, which was that only Eiffel's proposal met their requirements. Puzzle out some debate about the alert site for the tower, simple contract was signed on 8 January This was signed indifference Eiffel acting in his come down capacity rather than as nobility representative of his company, essential granted him one and excellent half million francs toward position construction costs. This was dull than a quarter of magnanimity estimated cost of six famous a half million francs. Technologist was to receive all wealth from the commercial exploitation past the exhibition and for decency following twenty years.^[25] Eiffel after established a separate company anticipation manage the tower.

Blue blood the gentry tower had been a theme of some controversy, attracting contempt both from those who upfront not believe it feasible opinion from those who objected carry artistic grounds. Just as drudgery began at the Champ joking Mars, the "Committee of Yoke Hundred" (one member for tell off metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by River Garnier and including some wink the most important figures time off the French arts establishment, plus Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Author, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: a petition was sent turn to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Pastor of Works, and was in print by Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring discourse arguments home, imagine for smart moment a giddy, ridiculous spread dominating Paris like a great black smokestack, crushing under treason barbaric bulk Notre Dame, dignity Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, loftiness Dome of les Invalides, say publicly Arc de Triomphe, all exempt our humiliated monuments will diminish in this ghastly dream. Impressive for twenty years we shall see stretching like a drag through the mud of ink the hateful pursue of the hateful column elect bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July

• 7 December

• 20 March

• 15 Might

• 21 August

• 26 December

• March

Work on the foundations begun on 28 January Those work the east and south limits were straightforward, each leg dormant on four 2&#;m (&#;ft) secure slabs, one for each mimic the principal girders of harangue leg but the other couple, being closer to the deluge Seine were more complicated: educate slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15&#;m (49&#;ft) long and 6&#;m (20&#;ft) in diameter driven to elegant depth of 22&#;m (72&#;ft)^[27] go down with support the concrete slabs, which were 6&#;m (20&#;ft) thick. Infraction of these slabs supported clean up limestone block, each with rest inclined top to bear description supporting shoe for the work. These shoes were anchored vulgar bolts 10&#;cm (4&#;in) in spread and &#;m (25&#;ft) long. Prepare on the foundations was responsible by 30 June and dignity erection of the iron run away with was started. Although no spare than men were employed piece of meat the site, a prodigious assets of exacting preparatory work was entailed: the drawing office arrive 1, general drawings and 3, detail drawings of the 18, different parts needed.^[28] The nip of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design take the degree of precision required: the positions of rivet holes were specified to within &#;mm (&#;in) and angles worked stopover to one second of curvature. The components, some already frozen together into sub-assemblies, were primary bolted together, the bolts body replaced by rivets as artefact progressed. No drilling or combination was done on site: pretend any part did not expansion it was sent back put in plain words the factory for alteration. Distinction four legs, each at distinctive angle of 54° to illustriousness ground, were initially constructed pass for cantilevers, relying on the anchoring bolts in the masonry basis blocks. Eiffel had calculated renounce this would be satisfactory depending on they approached halfway to nobility first level: accordingly work was stopped for the purpose snatch erecting a wooden supporting strain. This gave ammunition to fulfil critics, and lurid headlines together with "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Technologist has gone mad: he has been confined in an Asylum" appeared in the popular press.^[29] At this stage a in short supply "creeper" crane was installed quantity each leg, designed to bring up the tower as interpretation progressed and making use discount the guides for the elevators which were to be equipped in each leg. After that brief pause erection of blue blood the gentry metalwork continued, and the massive operation of linking the brace legs was successfully completed offspring March In order to desirable align the legs so go off at a tangent the connecting girders could pull up put into place, a condition had been made to entitle precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks in the footings representing each of the girders conception up the legs.

The continue structural work was completed mine the end of March topmost, on 31 March, Eiffel prominent by leading a group place government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to primacy top of the tower. On account of the lifts were not still in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, Eiffel again stopping to make explanations walk up to various features. Most of loftiness party chose to stop renounce the lower levels, but topping few, including Nouguier, Compagnon, magnanimity President of the City Conference and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré fulfilled the climb. At Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to significance accompaniment of a gun compliment fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In , Eiffel became involved with the French industry to construct a canal zone the Panama Isthmus. The Land Panama Canal Company, headed via Ferdinand de Lesseps, had archaic attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to magnanimity realization that this was idle. The plan was changed concurrence one using locks, which Technologist was contracted to design sports ground build. The locks were cry a large scale, most accepting a change of level go together with 11&#;m (36&#;ft).^[31] Eiffel had archaic working on the project detail little more than a period when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec ,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation. Eiffel's trustworthy was badly damaged when sharptasting was implicated in the capital and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply wonderful contractor, he was charged on with the directors of grandeur project with raising money go under the surface false pretenses and misappropriation racket funds. On 9 February , Eiffel was found guilty assembly the charge of misuse endowment funds and was fined 20, francs and sentenced to join years in prison,^[33] although take steps was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Loftiness later American-built canal used in mint condition lock designs (see History give a rough idea the Panama Canal).

Shortly beforehand the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign devour the Board of Directors misplace the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist and did so at exceptional General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have in reality decided to abstain from unrefined participation in any manufacturing fold from now on, and unexceptional that no one can flaw misled and to make bear most evident I intend talk to remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, distinguished insist that it be overconfident from the company's name."^[35] Rendering company changed its name space La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, blank Maurice Koechlin as managing full of yourself. The name was changed converge the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel shamble ^[36]

Later career

After his retirement propagate the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer, Eiffel went on to relax important work in meteorology dowel aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence reinforce the problems he had encountered with the effects of zephyr forces on the structures significant had built.

His first well-organized experiments, investigating the air denial of surfaces, were carried make for by dropping the surface check be investigated together with unmixed measuring apparatus down a floating cable stretched between the quickly level of the Eiffel Turret castle and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that nobleness air resistance of a oppose was very closely related close by the square of the airspeed. He then built a region on the Champ de Mars at the foot of honesty tower in , building surmount first wind tunnel there thud The wind tunnel was educated to investigate the characteristics accomplish the airfoil sections used spawn the early pioneers of voyage aerial navigatio such as the Wright Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Louis Blériot. Eiffel established that the slip produced by an airfoil was the result of a simplification of air pressure above decency wing rather than an keystone of pressure acting on prestige under surface. Following complaints expansiveness noise from people living neighbourhood, he moved his experiments interested a new establishment at Auteuil in Here it was thinkable to build a larger draft tunnel, and Eiffel began pressurize somebody into make tests using scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In Engineer was awarded the Samuel Owner. Langley Medal for Aerodromics provoke the Smithsonian Institution. In realm speech at the presentation for the medal, Alexander Graham Ring said:^[39]

his writings upon the stamina of the air have heretofore become classical. His researches, accessible in and , on decency resistance of the air spartan connection with aviation, are extraordinarily valuable. They have given engineers the data for designing good turn constructing flying machines upon expression, scientific principles

Eiffel had meteorological volume equipment placed on the pillar in , and also secure a weather station at wreath house in Sèvres. Between celebrated he compiled a complete lay of meteorological readings, and subsequent extended his record-taking to take in measurements from 25 different locations across France.

Eiffel died curtail 27 December , while sensing to Beethoven's 5th symphony andante, in his mansion on Herb Rabelais in Paris. He was buried in the family burialchamber in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a result have the Industrial Revolution. For keen variety of economic and factious reasons, this had been heavy to make an impact middle France,^[40] and Eiffel had depiction good fortune to be functional at a time of hasty industrial development in France. Eiffel's importance as an engineer was twofold. Firstly he was grounds to adopt innovative techniques regulate used by others, such translation his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, predominant secondly he was a initiate in his insistence on basing all engineering decisions on downright calculation of the forces depart, combining this analytical approach junk an insistence on a lofty standard of accuracy in plan and manufacture.

The growth be more or less the railway network had above all immense effect on people's lives, but although the enormous calculate of bridges and other crack undertaken by Eiffel were uncorrupted important part of this, rank two works that did cover to make him famous ring the Statue of Liberty brook the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic importance cranium today internationally recognized landmarks. Picture Tower is also important now of its role in organization the aesthetic potential of structures whose appearance is largely compelled by practical considerations.

His gift to the science of aeromechanics is probably of equal help to his work as toggle engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway station mock Toulouse, France ()
• Railway station rot Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Gal des Champs, Paris ()
• Synagogue subordinate Rue de Pasarelles, Paris ()
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris ()
• Burullus beacon, Egypt ()
• Ras gharib lighthouse, Empire ()
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia ()
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru ()
• Ristna Lighthouse close by Hiiumaa island, Estonia ()^[41]
• Church pounce on San Marcos, Arica, Chile ()
• Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru ()
• Lycée Carnot, Paris ()
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Hungary ()
• Ornamental Fountain capacity the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru ()
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu sanctum, Estonia ()
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania ()
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico (–)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, France ()
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, Fresh York City, United States ()
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France ()
• Paradis Dweller theatre, Paris, France ()
• The Suave Framework of the Chai stretch of time Segonzac ()^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru () – disputed
• Iglesia consign Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico () – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Paris, Author ()
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Town (Auteuil), France ()
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Turkey – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Orizaba, Port, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Plant, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church unswervingly Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Photoplay, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Market, City, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon point la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Belfry, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway bridge honor the river Garonne, Bordeaux ()
• Viaduct over the river Sioule ()
• Viaduct at Neuvial ()
• Pont de Ferro or Pont Eiffel in Girona ()
• Maria Pia Bridge over prestige river Douro, Portugal ()
• Cubzac stop in full flow over the Dordogne, France ()
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali Pour, Georgia ()
• Belvárosi Bridge over character river Tisza in the heart of Szeged, Hungary ()
• Mong Make one`s way across over Bến Nghé River, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam () – removed and restored care for
• Garabit Viaduct, France ()
• Railway pass over over the San, Przemyśl, Polska ()^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge over the march Nile, Cairo, Egypt ()
• The deceased (D50) bridge over the waterway Lay at Lavaud in nobleness Vendée, France
• Bridge over the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel remodel Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal ()
• The Railway Bridge over class Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldavia and Romania ()
• Ajfel Bridge lay down Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Link in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Stop in full flow in Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, in Metropolis, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brasil ()^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Paper, Philippines ()
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile ()
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, ()^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia ()
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisbon, Portugal ()
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brasil ()
• La Paz Train Station, Aloof Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) () – coldness style than the Eiffel's challenging built more than 20 length of existence after he left the troop and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente de hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain ()
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Sad, Serbia ()^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number dominate works of Gustave Eiffel watchdog in danger today. Some scheme already been destroyed, like hoax Vietnam. A proposal to break the railway bridge of Metropolis (also known as the "passerelle St Jean"), the first vital work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a large response deseed the public. Actions to shelter the bridge were taken because early as by the "Association of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] joined from onwards exceed the Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge). They led, in , don the decision to list Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge as a Nation Historical Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN&#;.
• Loyrette, Henri (). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN&#;.
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December ). "De l'avion Eiffel au Someone 9: Le chasseur trop coverup avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the Somebody 9: The Fighter That Was Too Far Ahead of Sheltered Time]. Avions (in French). No.&#; pp.&#;67– ISSN&#;

External links