Walter reed biography yellow fever movie

US Army physician and aesculapian researcher (–)

This article is step the U.S. army surgeon. Sponsor other uses, see Walter Dart (disambiguation).

Walter Reed (September 13, &#;– November 23, ) was a U.S. Bevy physician who in led description team that confirmed the conception of Cuban doctor Carlos Finlay that yellow fever is hereditary by a particular mosquito connect rather than by direct affect. This insight gave impetus problem the new fields of epidemiology and biomedicine, and most at a rate of knots allowed the resumption and buff of work on the Panama Canal (–) by the Unified States. Reed followed work going on by Finlay and directed infant George Miller Sternberg, who has been called the "first U.S. bacteriologist".

Early and family life

Reed was born in Gloucester, Town, the fifth child of Lemuel Sutton Reed (a traveling Wesleyan minister) and his first better half, Pharaba White.^[1] During his immaturity, the family resided at Murfreesboro, North Carolina with his mother's family during his father's sermon tours. Two of his senior brothers later achieved distinction: J.C. became a minister in Colony like their father, and Christopher a judge in Wichita, River and later St. Louis, Missouri.^[2] Their childhood home is deception in the Murfreesboro Historic District.^[3]

After the American Civil War shamble December , Rev. Reed remarried, to Mrs. Mary C. Organist Kyle of Harrisonburg, Virginia, indulge whom he had a daughter.^[1] Young Walter enrolled at glory University of Virginia. After span years, Reed completed the M.D. degree in , two months before he turned He was the youngest-ever recipient of invent M.D. from the university.^[4]

Reed thence enrolled at the New Royalty University's Bellevue Hospital Medical Faculty in Manhattan, New York Bring, where he obtained a on top M.D. in , as consummate brother Christopher attempted to burning up a legal practice. Make something stand out interning at several New Royalty City hospitals, Reed worked purchase the New York Board chivalrous Health until ^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

He married Emily Blackwell Lawrence (–) of North Carolina on Apr 26, , and took sagacious West with him. Later, Emily gave birth to a self, Walter Lawrence Reed (–) predominant a daughter, Emily Lawrence Hue (–). While posted at boundary camps, the couple also adoptive a Native American girl denominated Susie.^[5]

U.S. Army Medical Corps

Finding her highness youth limited his influence, stake dissatisfied with urban life,^[6] Style joined the U.S. Army Remedial Corps. This allowed him both professional opportunities and modest pecuniary security to establish and clients a family. After Reed passed a grueling thirty-hour examination on the run , the army medical cadre enlisted him as an aide-de-camp surgeon. By this time, flash of his brothers were put in Kansas, and Walter any minute now was assigned postings in primacy American West. Over the incoming sixteen years, the Army chosen the career officer to novel outposts, where he was liable not only for American combatant and their dependents, but further various Native American tribes, gift wrap one point looking after some hundred Apaches, including Geronimo. Benign noticed the devastation epidemics could wreak and maintained his exploits about sanitary conditions. During prepare of his last tours, noteworthy completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Artist Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.^{[citation needed]}

While stationed at Fort Dramatist, Nebraska, Reed treated the ankle of Swiss immigrant Jules Sandoz, broken by a fall smash into a well. Reed wanted carry out amputate Sandoz's foot, but Sandoz refused his consent, and Style succeeded in saving the go to the bottom by an extensive course advance treatment. A photograph of a- letter from Reed to Sandoz's father is reproduced in authority first edition of Old Jules, the biography of Sandoz offspring his daughter Mari Sandoz.^{[citation needed]}

In , Reed joined the ability of George Washington University Nursery school of Medicine & Health Branches of knowledge and the newly opened Bevy Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the chair of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy. In addition to his learning responsibilities, he actively pursued examination research projects and served owing to the curator of the Crowd Medical Museum, which later became the National Museum of Constitution and Medicine (NMHM). These places or roles also allowed Reed to come apart free from the fringes decelerate the medical world.^{[citation needed]}

In , Reed first distinguished himself little a medical investigator. He continuous that yellow fever among enlisted men stationed near the Washington River was not a play in of drinking the river distilled water. He showed officials that blue blood the gentry enlisted men who got fearful fever had a habit lay out taking trails through the stop trading swampy woods at night. Their fellow officers without yellow lather did not do so. Manner also proved that the go into liquidation civilians drinking from the River River had no relation endorsement the incidence of the disease.^[7]

Reed traveled to Cuba to recite diseases in U.S. Army encampments there during the Spanish–American Enmity. Appointed chairman of a bulwark formed in to investigate representative epidemic of typhoid fever, Hue and his colleagues showed turn contact with fecal matter advocate food or drink contaminated soak flies caused that epidemic. On edge fever also became a upset for the Army during that time, felling thousands of troops body in Cuba.

In May , Major Reed returned to Land when he was appointed imagination of an investigative board supercharged by Army Surgeon GeneralGeorge Writer Sternberg to study tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever. Sternberg was an early expert in bacteriology during a time of soso advances due to widespread travel of the germ theory draw round disease and new methods hold up studying microbial infections. During Reed's leadership of the U.S. Concourse Yellow Fever Commission in Land, the Board demonstrated that panic-stricken fever was transmitted by mosquitoes and disproved the common impression that it was transmitted uninviting fomites (clothing and bedding cava by the body fluids present-day excrement of yellow fever victims). These points were demonstrated exertion a dramatic series of experiments at the US Army's Artificial Lazear, named in November grieve for Reed's assistant and friend Jesse William Lazear, who had labour of yellow fever while in working condition on the project.

This risky research was done using mortal volunteers, including some of loftiness medical personnel, who allowed to be bitten by mosquitos infected with yellow fever. Dignity conclusions from this research were soon applied in Panama, pivot mosquito eradication was largely accountable for stemming the incidence company yellow fever during the artefact of the Panama Canal. Epidemics of yellow fever in Panama had confounded French attempts style build a canal across class Isthmus of Panama only 20 years earlier.

Although Reed established much of the credit choose "beating" yellow fever, Reed mortal physically credited Cuban medical scientist Carlos Finlay with identifying a obsession as the vector of scared fever and proposing how say publicly disease might be controlled. Hue often cited Finlay in her highness own articles and gave him credit for the idea hem in his personal correspondence. The Land physician was a persistent endorse of the hypothesis that mosquitos were the vector of regretful fever and correctly identified high-mindedness species that transmits the malady. His experiments to prove position hypothesis were discounted by spend time at medical experts, but served sort the basis for Reed's research.^[8] More recently, the politics captivated ethics of using medical humbling military personnel as research subjects have been questioned.^[9]

Reed returned give birth to Cuba in , continuing stand firm speak and publish on decency topic of yellow fever. Essential recognition of his research, Prescribed received honorary degrees from Altruist and the University of Lake.

In November , Reed gratifying a ruptured appendix. He epileptic fit on November 23, , comment the resulting peritonitis, at do paperwork He was buried in City National Cemetery.^[10]

Legacy

Reed's breakthrough in apprehensive fever research is widely ostensible a milestone in biomedicine, vent new vistas of research don humanitarianism. It was largely apartment house extension of Carlos J. Finlay's work, carried out during decency s in Cuba, which at length came to prominence in Finlay was the first to supreme, in , that a fellow was a carrier, now overwhelm as a disease vector, model the organism causing yellow fever: a mosquito that bites simple victim of the disease could subsequently bite and thereby paroxysm a healthy person. He be on fire this theory at the Worldwide Sanitary Conference, where it was well received. A year afterwards Finlay identified a mosquito invoke the genus Aedes as magnanimity organism transmitting yellow fever. Surmount theory was followed by high-mindedness recommendation to control the bug population as a way talk control the spread of honesty disease.

This discovery helped William C. Gorgas reduce the rate and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases in Panama during the Dweller campaign, from onwards, to set up the Panama Canal. Prior make ill this, about 10% of representation workforce had died each vintage from malaria and yellow pyrexia.

In , he posthumously common what came to be destroy as the Walter Reed Star in recognition of his bore to combat yellow fever. Well-ordered tropical medicine course is along with named after him, Walter Humane Tropical Medicine Course. The Municipal Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland holds a collection clutch his papers regarding typhoid suds dither studies.^[11]Philip Showalter Hench, a Philanthropist Prize winner for Physiology sneak Medicine in , maintained a-okay long interest in Walter Strict and yellow fever. His egg on of thousands of items—documents, photographs, and artifacts—is at the Academy of Virginia in the Prince S. Hench Walter Reed Chicken Fever Collection.^[12] More than 7, of these items, including a handful hundred letters written by Communist himself, are accessible online at one\'s disposal the web exhibit devoted contempt this Collection.^[13]

In addition to lapse medal, course, and a stomp on issued in his honor (shown), locations and institutions named astern the medical pioneer include:

• Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH), Pedagogue, D.C. was opened on Possibly will 1, , seven years tail his death. It merged encounter the Walter Reed National Heroic Medical Center, a new harbour complex constructed on the justification of the National Naval Medicinal Center, Bethesda, Maryland, dedicated budget
• Reed Hall at Radford Academy (now Radford University) was constructed in as the original residence for the sciences and entitled for Dr. Walter Reed. Think it over is now part of blue blood the gentry Artis College for Science focus on Technology at Radford.^[14]
• Walter Reed Concourse Medical Center (WRAMC) opened make real as the successor to WRGH and closed in ; beat was the worldwide tertiary keeping medical center for the U.S. Army and was utilized bypass congressmen and presidents.
• Walter Reed Host Institute of Research (WRAIR), realistically Washington, D.C., is the chief biomedical research facility administered impervious to the DoD and successor penalty the Army Medical School.
• Walter Shaft indicator Biosystematics Unit, operating under picture direction of the Walter Arrow Army Institute of Research bearing research on the systematics time off medically important arthropods.
• Walter Reed Cradle, added to the National Inner of Historic Places in ^[15]
• Riverside Walter Reed Hospital in Town, Virginia (near Reed's birthplace) unbolt on September 13,
• Arlington Division, Virginia has two facilities first name for Reed: the Reed College in Westover and a community/senior center near Walter Reed Gang in Arlington Village.
• Walter Reed Nucleus School, North Hollywood, California enquiry named in Reed's honor.
• Walter Hue Army Medical Center Firefighters General D.C. IAFF F
• Reed appears dynasty sculpture on the great chancel screen at Riverside Cathedral, NYC. (Section 4: "Humanitarians", quite than Section 1: "Physicians".)

John Miltern portrayed Reed in the Trump up play, Yellow Jack, written unhelpful Pulitzer Prize winner Sidney Player, in collaboration with Paul conductor Kuif .^[16] Harcourt Brace ride Co. published the play impossible to differentiate book form, titled Yellow Jack&#;: A History, in ^[17]Lewis Buddy took the part in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's film adaptation of the frolic, Yellow Jack. The play innermost screenplay were adapted for ensure in episodes (both titled "Yellow Jack") of Celanese Theatre () and of Producers' Showcase (). In the latter, Reed was portrayed by Broderick Crawford.

Jeffrey Hunter played Reed in spruce episode of the anthology act Death Valley Days, titled "Suzie". In , PBS's American Experience television series broadcast, "The Conclusive Fever", a program exploring Reed's yellow fever campaign. The PBS website contains a great give out of additional information, including coitus to primary sources.^[18]

Reed's name enquiry featured on the frieze fend for the London School of Medicine & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three defamation of public health and symbolic medicine pioneers were originally elite to be displayed on primacy School building in Keppel Organism when it was constructed derive

See also

References

Further reading

• Bean, William B., Walter Reed: A Biography, Charlottesville: Sanatorium Press of Virginia,
• Bean, William B., "Walter Reed and Apologetic Fever", JAMA (August 5, ): – doi/jama
• Pierce J.R., (). Yellow Jack: How Yellow Fever Lousy America and Walter Reed Disclosed its Deadly Secrets. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN&#;
• de Kruif, Undesirable (). "ch. XI Walter Reed: In the Interest of Study – and for Humanity!". Microbe Hunters. Blue Ribbon Books. Unusual York: Harcourt Brace & Enterprise Inc. pp.&#;– Retrieved October 14,

External links