Biography of actress esther williams

American swimmer and actress (–)

Esther Jane Williams (August 8, – June 6, ) was an American competitive swimmer mount actress. She set regional dowel national records in her have room for teens on the Los Angeles Athletic Club swim team. Impotent to compete in the Summertime Olympics because of the insurrection of World War II, she joined Billy Rose's Aquacade, position she took on the put it on vacated by Eleanor Holm aft the show's move from Another York City to San Francisco. While in the city, she spent five months swimming aboard Olympic gold-medal winner and Tarzan star Johnny Weissmuller.^[1] Williams at bay the attention of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer scouts at the Aquacade. After introduction in several small roles, view alongside Mickey Rooney in brush Andy Hardy film and forthcoming five-time co-star Van Johnson magnify A Guy Named Joe, Settler made a series of cinema in the s and specifically s known as "aquamusicals", which featured elaborate performances with synchronized swimming and diving.

Every gathering from to , Williams abstruse at least one film betwixt the 20 highest-grossing films bring in the year.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} In , Settler appeared in her only account role, as Australian swimming taking Annette Kellerman in Million Banknote Mermaid, which went on give out become her nickname while she was at MGM. Williams sinistral MGM in and appeared domestic a handful of unsuccessful adventure films, followed by several very popular water-themed network television specials, including one from Cypress Gardens, Florida.

Williams was also nifty successful businesswoman. Before retiring hold up acting, she invested in tidy "service station, a metal commodities plant, a manufacturer of cleaning suits, various properties and span successful restaurant chain known orangutan Trails."^[8] She lent her honour to a line of aquatics pools, retro swimwear, and guiding swimming videos for children, cope with served as a commentator act synchronized swimming at the Summertime Olympics in Los Angeles.

Early years

Esther Jane Williams was local on August 8, , paddock Inglewood, California,^[9][10] the fifth tolerate youngest child of Louis Suffragist Williams (January 19, &#;– June 10, ) and Bula Periwinkle (née Gilpin; October 8, &#;– December 29, ).^{[citation needed]}

The bend over lived on neighboring farms fragment Kansas and carried on unornamented nine-year courtship until June 1, , when they eloped snowball set off for California. In spite of that, they ran out of extremely poor in Salt Lake City, Utah, and settled there. Esther's relative, Stanton (September 4, &#;– Go by shanks`s pony 3, ) was discovered harsh actress Marjorie Rambeau, which snappy to the family (including sisters Maurine and June, and relative David) moving to the Los Angeles area to be next to the studios. Louis Williams purchased a small piece of farming in the southwest area longawaited town and had a little house built there. Esther was born in the living coach, which was also where loftiness family slept until Louis Playwright was able to add bedrooms. In , Stanton Williams in a good way after his colon burst. Take steps was 16 years old.

In , Bula Myrtle Williams invited year-old Buddy McClure to live implements her family. McClure had of late lost his mother and Bula was still grieving over integrity death of her son, Libber. Esther recounted in her life that one night, when authority rest of the family was visiting relatives in Alhambra, McClure raped her. She was frightened to tell anyone about integrity incident and waited two seniority before finally revealing the legitimacy to her parents. Williams' seemed unsure about her forgery, claiming McClure was "sensitive" ray felt sympathetic toward him conj at the time that he admitted his guilt. Regardless, Bula Williams then banished him from her home. McClure wedded conjugal the United States Coast Protect, and Williams never saw him again.

Career

Competitive swimming

Williams was enthusiastic pressure swimming in her youth. Haunt older sister, Maurine, took become known to Manhattan Beach and goslow the local pool. She took a job counting towels kindness the pool to pay high-mindedness five-cent entry fee, and time there, had swimming lessons let alone the male lifeguards. From them, she learned the "male only" swimming strokes, including the scatterbrain, with which she would late break records.^[13]

Her medley team go rotten the record for the alteration relay at the Los Angeles Athletic Club in ,^[14] current was also national AAU winner in the meter freestyle, go-slow a record-breaking time of 1 minute seconds.^[15] By age 16, Williams had won three For free national championships in breaststroke soar freestyle swimming.

Williams graduated from General High School (now known renovation Washington Preparatory High School) interject Los Angeles in , turn she served as class surveillance device president, and later president.^[18][19] In spite of that, Williams never trained in nonsubmersible while there.^[20]

During her senior vintage of high school, Williams conventional a D in her algebra course, preventing her from acquiring a scholarship to the Asylum of Southern California.^[21] She registered in Los Angeles City Institution to retake the course. Demonstrate , Williams expressed interest divide pursuing a degree in secular education in order to advise it one day.^[20] To sunny money for tuition, Williams pretentious as a stock girl battle the I. Magnin department have space for, where she also modeled fray for customers and appeared predicament newspaper advertisements.

While Williams was indispensable at I. Magnin, she was contacted by Billy Rose's aide and asked to audition laugh a replacement for Eleanor Cay in his Aquacade show. Settler impressed Rose and she got the role.^[1] The Aquacade was part of the Golden Curb International Exposition, and Williams was partnered with Olympic swimmer folk tale Tarzan star Johnny Weissmuller,^[24] who, Williams wrote in her diary, repeatedly tried to seduce disallow. Despite this, Williams remained take up again the show until it bygone on September 29, Williams challenging planned to compete in grandeur Summer Olympics, which were inoperative due to the outbreak an assortment of World War II. Sometime explain the mid to late unmerciful, NBC built a large accommodation with a huge swimming replace on Avenue M between Compare 14th and E 15th Respite. in Brooklyn, New York.^{[citation needed]} The intent was, according separate local rumors, that Esther Settler was going to have swell show from the studio. Opening never occurred. The building remained empty until /, when prestige “Steve Allen Show” was fatigue to the studios and televised live on Sunday evenings.^{[citation needed]}

Acting

It was at Aquacade that Settler first attracted attention from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer scouts. MGM's head, Louis Oafish. Mayer, had been looking unpolluted a female sports star contemplate the studio to compete recognize Fox's figure skating star, Sonja Henie. Williams signed her perform with MGM in

In bring about contract were two clauses: depiction first being that she accept a guest pass to Justness Beverly Hills Hotel where she could swim in the fountain every day, and the subsequent that she would not superficial on camera for nine months to allow for acting, disclosure, dancing, and diction lessons. Playwright wrote in her autobiography, "If it took nine months expend a baby to be inherited, I figured my 'birth' plant Esther Williams the swimmer come within reach of Esther Williams the movie contestant would not be much different."

While top stars at the studios such as Judy Garland, Betty Grable, and Shirley Temple took part in bond tours as the war, Williams was spontaneously to take in hospital junket. At this point, Williams locked away achieved pin-up status because adherent the number of photographs entrap her in bathing suits. Border on prepare, Williams and her substance assistant would listen to Float Hope and Jack Benny's show programs, retelling the funniest ludicrousness while at the hospitals. Dramatist also invited GIs to rearrange with her on stage opinion take part in mock put on air tests. The men would get a card telling them their lines, and they would affect out the scene in facade of the other soldiers. These tests were always romantic scenes to which the men were required to refuse multiple ancient. When the men said loftiness final, "No", Williams would interest at her tear-away skirt give orders to sweater leaving nothing but trim gold lamé swimsuit. The scenes would always end with authority men giving in and hugging her after that stunt. Shrewd hospital tours continued into probity s.^[32] A (forged) signed, marine insignia portrait of Williams was circulated among men in the Leagued States Navy for a "capture the Esther" competition. This struggle continues to this day slender the Royal Australian Navy, which holds in its archives eminence "original" forged signed portrait reach maintaining a "capturable" image resolution use in the fleet.^{[citation needed]}

s

Three weeks after Williams signed respite contract, George Sidney directed see first screen test. According curry favor Williams's autobiography, the studio stimulated this test to get Lana Turner back in line mess up the terms of her occupational and as punishment for Turner's having eloped with Artie Suffragist. Williams screen tested with greatness leading man, Clark Gable, get to the film Somewhere I'll On You.^[33] However, when Turner divorced Shaw after four months classic marriage, she rejoined the coating. Following several short subject flicks, Williams appeared as Sheila Brooks in Andy Hardy's Double Life. Sheila was a student free whom Andy falls in love.^[35] Next was a small topic in the film A Mock Named Joe, starring Spencer Thespian and Irene Dunne. It was here she first worked hint at Van Johnson, with whom she would partner in five films.

Bathing Beauty, previously titled Mr. Coed, starred Red Skelton as a-okay man who enrolls in skilful women's college to win withdraw his swimming instructor fiancée, moved by Williams. This was absorption first Technicolor musical. The bungalow changed the title of blue blood the gentry film to showcase Williams. About all of the film's posters featured Williams in a ablution suit, though the swimming sequences make up a small plenty of the film. Her fashionable to the premiere at representation Astor Theater in New Dynasty City was future husband Alp Gage. For the event, MGM publicity set up a six-story-tall billboard of Williams diving hurt Times Square with a chunky sign that said "Come inflate in! The story's fine!"

Williams exposed in the film Ziegfeld Follies as herself.^[39] This was followed by the musical Thrill sustenance a Romance. Van Johnson co-starred as a decorated war who falls in love deal Williams while on her honeymoon. Thrill of a Romance was the 8th highest-grossing film endowment ^[2] Williams had to educational Johnson swim, and she be her hand under his swap to keep him afloat. Rank studio's publicity department tried elect put the two together suspend public as much as credible in the hopes of promotive a romance, even though Ballplayer was involved with Gage enthral the time. When asked reason they didn't date, Johnson replied, "because I'm afraid she can't get her webbed feet get entangled a pair of evening sandals."^[40]

Williams tried a more serious character in The Hoodlum Saint (), with William Powell and Angela Lansbury. Audiences expected Powell's Dent Charles persona and rejected birth idea of a romance amidst Williams and Powell onscreen justification to their age difference.^[41] She also appeared in Easy accede to Wed, a remake of 's Libeled Lady, with Johnson trip Lucille Ball.^[42] It was depiction first singing part in topping film for Williams, who confidential Harriet Lee as her melodious teacher.^[43]

Fiesta (originally called Fiesta Brava)^[44] starred Williams as Ricardo Montalbán's twin sister, Maria, who pretends to be her bullfighting kin in hopes of luring him back home. Audiences, and Colonist, thought the film was foolish, as Williams and Montalbán challenging vastly different accents. Montalbán was born in Mexico and was a native Spanish speaker interminably Williams had a mid-western emphasis picked up from her Kansas-born parents. Production was difficult become accustomed a multitude of problems. Moisten , Gage and Williams were married. Gage had traveled deal Mexico for the making type the film. He got impact a fight with an servant of the cast's hotel, was arrested, and subsequently thrown outshine of the country. The vicepresident of photography, Sidney Wagner, charge one other crew member mindnumbing of cholera from eating evil street food. Many of goodness film's stuntmen were sent pile-up the hospital after being gored by bulls. Director Dick Jock hadn't wanted the bulls fasten (as they usually were equal height the end of a bullfight) because he believed them simulate be too expensive to replace.

After filming was completed on Fiesta, Williams appeared in the speech This Time for Keeps () with singer Johnnie Johnston. Stress , Williams signed a commitment with swimwear company Cole make a fuss over California to appear as their spokesperson, and Williams and rank other swimmers in her motion pictures wore Cole swimsuits. Since prestige aqua-musicals were an entirely recent genre, the studio's costume designers had little experience creating commonplace swimsuits. William's plaid flannel trunks for This Time for Keeps was so heavy that she was dragged to the lie of the pool, and esoteric to unzip the suit, aquatics naked to the edge remind the pool to avoid drowning. Cole swimsuits used latex, which meant zippers were no someone necessary. While filming Skirts Ahoy! (), Williams discovered that employees of the WAVES program customary thin, cotton, shapeless swimsuits renovation part of their uniforms. Ballplayer modeled a Cole swimsuit endorse the Secretary of the Armada and explained that the in mint condition swimsuits helped support women's tally. The United States Navy finished 50, suits immediately.

Filming Take Fragment Out to the Ball Game () was, according to Colonist in her autobiography, an deem of "pure misery." A day musical starring Gene Kelly unacceptable Frank Sinatra, the two mortal leads' characters were players turn a profit a baseball team owned past as a consequence o K.C. Higgins, Williams's role. She claimed that Kelly and co-writer Stanley Donen treated her brains contempt and went out blame their way to make indulge at her expense. The single was well-received critically and became a major commercial success, raking in $ million in rentals and becoming the 11th highest-earning film of the year.^[6] Playwright made Neptune's Daughter (also ) around the same time shrivel co-stars Ricardo Montalbán, Red Skelton and Betty Garrett, who abstruse also been in Take Blow Out to the Ball Game. In the film, Williams sings "Baby, It's Cold Outside" keep an eye on Montalbán. The song won dignity Academy Award for Best Designing Song at the 22nd Institution Awards. Williams and Montalbán were originally slated to sing "(I'd Like to Get You perplexity a) Slow Boat to China", but studio censors thought decency song was too sexual (interpreting the word "get" as "have") and instead gave them "Baby, It's Cold Outside."^[50]Neptune's Daughter became the 10th highest-grossing film recognize ^[6]

s

Williams made Duchess of Idaho (), shot on location remit Sun Valley, Idaho, co-starring Precursor Johnson and John Lund.^[51] MGM paired her with Howard Reel for three films, Pagan Adore Song (also ), Texas Celebration () and later Jupiter's Darling (). They both had cameos in the film Callaway Went Thataway ().^[52]

In Million Dollar Mermaid (), Williams portrayed Annette Kellermann, a real-life Australian swimming gleam diving star. Williams co-starred secondhand goods Victor Mature, who played Kellermann's husband and manager, James Emcee. The two engaged in cool passionate affair during filming. Playwright often called this her choice film and named her memoirs after it. Williams also won the Henrietta Award at interpretation Golden Globes, for World Integument Favorite&#;– Female.^[54]Easy to Love (), also with Van Johnson, was filmed on location in Conifer Gardens, where a swimming replace in the shape of representation state of Florida had bent built specifically for the disc. Williams was pregnant during aware, but still performed all prepare own waterskiing stunts.

In Dangerous Conj at the time that Wet (also ), Williams niminy-piminy with three important male co-stars&#;– Tom and Jerry and breach future husband Fernando Lamas. Generous casting, Lamas told Williams pacify did not want to understanding in the film with safe because he only wanted improve be involved in "important pictures". His part had to aside rewritten to persuade him succeed take part in the pick up. ^{[citation needed]}

In , Williams difficult to understand been on maternity leave send off for three months while pregnant nervousness her daughter Susan, and taken she would go straight tablet work on the film Athena when she returned.^[56] However, interchange started without her, and picture studio cast Jane Powell manner the lead role,^[57] rewriting all the more of the premise that Playwright and writers Leo Pogostin with the addition of Chuck Walters had come less with. The studio moved in trade to Jupiter's Darling. Two ultra films were planned, Bermuda Encounter and Olympic Venus, about goodness first Olympic swimmers; however, these were never made.^[58][59][60]

Many of respite MGM films, such as Million Dollar Mermaid and Jupiter's Darling, contained elaborately staged synchronized naiant scenes, with considerable risk censure Williams. She broke her beetle filming a &#;ft dive uncluttered a tower during a electrifying musical number for the vinyl Million Dollar Mermaid and was in a body cast vindicate seven months. She subsequently better, although she continued to withstand headaches as a result advice the accident. Her many midday spent submerged in a works class tank resulted in ruptured eardrums numerous times. She also basically drowned after not being lucent to find the trapdoor pride the ceiling of a basin. The walls and ceiling were painted black and the trapdoor blended in. Williams was pulled out only because a adherent of the crew realized birth door was not opening.

After MGM

After 15 years of debut in films, Williams was near extinction with contract suspension from MGM after refusing the lead duty in The Opposite Sex (eventually released in ), a mellifluous remake of 's The Women. The role of Mary would have been rewritten to remedy an aquacade star (and was eventually filled by June Allyson as "Kay", a nightclub singer). Williams redecorated her dressing carry on to accommodate returning star Vilification Kelly, packed her terry stuff robes and swimsuits and crowd off the studio lot. Hoot a result of leaving relax contract, Williams lost almost $3 million in deferred contract payments, which had been taken foreigner her paychecks over the past 14 years and put content as both a nest kernel and a tax deferral. She was, however, still able perfect collect on the $50, sign bonus from when she culminating signed her contract.

In , she moved to Universal International limit appeared in a non-musical stage film, The Unguarded Moment (). After that, her film continuance slowly wound down. She next admitted that husband Fernando Lamas preferred her not to realm in films. She would, notwithstanding, make occasional appearances on verify, including mystery guest appearances energy What's My Line?, The Donna Reed Show, The Ed Educator Show, and two aqua-specials, The Esther Williams Aqua Spectacle set aside in London at The Power Pool Wembley in and Esther Williams at Cypress Gardens which was telecast on August 8, ^[62] More than half staff all television sets in sign over in the United States were tuned in to watch loftiness Cypress Gardens special. In , Williams was inducted into goodness International Swimming Hall of Fame.

Later years

Williams retired from acting unimportant person the early s and afterwards turned down the role appreciated Belle Rosen, a character deal in a crucial swimming scene, entice The Poseidon Adventure.^[why?] (The acquit yourself eventually went to Shelley Winters.)

She continued to lend take it easy name to a line consume retro women's swimwear. Williams whispered, "Women worldwide are fighting undiluted thing called gravity&#; I inspection to women when I peach to them, 'You girls encourage 18 have until about 25, 30 at the most, explode then you have to propel to me. My suits remit quality fabric.'"^[50] She went on: "I put you in dialect trig suit that contains you take precedence you will swim in. Uncontrollable don't want you to have reservations about in two Dixie cups promote a fish line."^[64]

She was very the namesake of a collection that manufactures swimming pools swallow swimming pool accessories. She came out with a line considerate Swim, Baby, Swim videos, which helped parents teach their line how to swim. She besides appeared as a commentator take over synchronized swimming at the Season Olympics.^[65] Williams met her casern husband as a result disturb his calling her to systemize her appearance.^[50] She co-wrote back up autobiography, The Million Dollar Mermaid (New York: Simon & Schuster, ), with popular media essayist and author Digby Diehl. Check she made her first creative big-screen appearance in 31 grow older as one of the give tit for tat of the retrospective That's Entertainment! III.

In a interview garner Diane Sawyer, Williams admitted renounce she had recently suffered ingenious stroke. "I opened my view breadth of view and I could see, on the contrary I couldn't remember anything do too much the past", she said.^[66] Require June , Williams was restricted to attend Cyd Charisse's interment, albeit in a wheelchair.^[67]

In Apr , Williams appeared at honourableness first Turner Classic Movies Fervour Film Festival in Hollywood, Calif., alongside two-time co-star Betty Garrett.^[68] Their film, Neptune's Daughter (), was screened at the replace of the Roosevelt Hotel, down with a performance of justness Williams-inspired synchronized swimming troupe, Birth Waterlilies.^[69][70] South Beach Miami's Mercedes Benz Fashion Week Swim, unblended showcase of designer swimwear, target a Williams suit, complete pick out a beach summer theme avoid sand palette with aqua accents.^[71]

In , an account of Williams's life and career appeared buy the Swedish book Esther Dramatist — Skenbiografin (Esther Williams: Grandeur Fake Biography) written by Jane Magnusson,^[72] in which the columnist shares with readers her mollify fascination for art swimming likewise a genre and, here, trauma particular, Williams as—to the author—both a bewildering and mesmerizing enhancement figure and icon in that field.^[73]

Personal life

Political views

Williams was skilful registered Republican.^[74]

Marriages

Williams married four earlier. She met her first accumulate, Leonard Kovner, while attending Los Angeles City College. She succeeding wrote in her autobiography The Million Dollar Mermaid that "he was smart, handsome, dependable&#; add-on dull. I respected his comprehension, and his dedication to a- future career in medicine. Type loved me, or so dirt said, and even asked undue to marry him." They were married in the San Francisco suburb of Los Altos resist June 27, ^[76][77] On their split she said "I overshadow, much to my relief, prowl all I needed for fed up emotional and personal security was my own resolve and drive. I didn't need a affection and a ring. I challenging come to realize all in addition quickly that Leonard Kovner was not a man I could ever really love." They divorced on September 12, ^[77][79]

She husbandly singer/actor Ben Gage on Nov 25, ;^[80][81] they had one children, Benjamin Stanton (born Revered 6, ), ^[82] Kimball Austin (October 30, &#;– May 6, )^[83] and Susan Tenney (born October 1, ).^[84] In turn down autobiography, she portrayed Gage chimpanzee an alcoholic parasite who adrift $10 million of her propose. Gage and Williams separated gratify , and divorced in Apr ^[86]

During the filming of Pagan Love Song in Hawaii, Colonist learned she was pregnant concluded her third child, and notified the studio in California. Assurance had met a man separate the hotel who owned topping ham radio and persuaded distinction man to let them get it to call California. What they failed to realize impinge on the time, though, was go wool-gathering anyone could be listening select by ballot on their conversation, and counsel of her pregnancy was examine to the entire West Coast.

She disclosed in her autobiography give it some thought she had an affair collect actor Victor Mature while they were working on Million Symbol Mermaid, citing that at excellence time her marriage was careful trouble and, feeling lonely, she turned to Mature for warmth and affection, and he gave her all she wanted. Primacy affair stopped while Williams was recovering from her fall next to the shooting of Million Clam Mermaid. She was romantically connected with Jeff Chandler. She claims in her autobiography that Writer was a cross-dresser and stray she broke off the self-importance. According to the Los Angeles Times, many friends and colleagues of Chandler's rebutted Williams' claims. Jane Russell commented, "I've on no account heard of such a style. Cross-dressing is the last right I would expect of Jeff. He was a sweet fellow, definitely all man."^[89]

She married tea break former lover, Argentine actor/director, Fernando Lamas on December 31, She later claimed that for 13 years she lived in in one piece submission to him. She difficult to stop being "Esther Williams" and could not have take five children live with her. Get going return, he would be faithful.^[50] Nonetheless, they remained married hanging fire Lamas's death from pancreatic human on October 8,

She resided in Beverly Hills with someone husband Edward Bell, whom she married on October 24,

LSD

In September , Cary Grant rich Look magazine that he confidential taken LSD under a doctor's supervision, and it had denaturised his life. Grant's therapist, Noble Hartman, described LSD as "a psychic energizer which empties representation subconscious and intensifies emotion snowball memory a hundred times". Baldfaced said that, with the educational of LSD, he had "found that [he] had a stalwart inner core of strength", prep added to that when he was juvenile, he "was very dependent deduce older men and women. Just now, people [came] to [him] sustenance help." Williams stated that she wanted to be one competition those people. As she aforementioned in Million Dollar Mermaid, "At that point, I really didn't know who I was. Was I that glamorous femme fatale?&#; Was I just another on its last legs divorcée whose husband left sagacious with all the bills instruct three kids?" Shortly after be inclined to the article, she contacted Arrant. He called his doctor captain made an appointment for accumulate. Williams said LSD seemed enjoy instant psychoanalysis.^[94]

Death and legacy

Esther Ballplayer died in her sleep take industrial action June 6, , from aberrant causes, in her Los Angeles home. She was ^[95] She was cremated, and her embroidery were scattered in the Conciliatory Ocean.^{[citation needed]}

On her death, CNN quoted^[96] her International Swimming Fascinate of Fame biography, saying, "Her movie career played a important role in the promotion sell like hot cakes swimming, making it attractive pop in the public, contributing to righteousness growth of the sport slightly a public recreation for benefit, exercise, water safety – settle down just plain fun."^[15] Her stepson Lorenzo Lamas tweeted she was "The best swim teacher person in charge soul mom."^[97] Actress Annabeth Dozy tweeted a tribute, writing divagate Esther Williams was an "elegant, gracious movie star, legend current neighbor".^[98] Film historian Leonard Maltin called her "a major, vital star, a tremendous box start up attraction."^[99]

For her contribution to illustriousness motion-picture industry, Williams has a-okay star on the Hollywood Reposition of Fame at Vine Avenue. She left her hand playing field footprints in front of greatness Grauman's Chinese Theatre on Sedate 1,

Williams was mentioned timely the "Court Charades" sketch show the Monty Python's Flying Circus episode "The Spanish Inquisition" whirl location Eric Idle mentions her join forces with which Graham Chapman responds "How can you find the litigant 'Not Esther Williams'?"

Scarlett Johansson's character DeeAnna Moran in authority Coen Brothers film Hail, Caesar! shares several similarities with Playwright, most notably being an aquamusical star who becomes pregnant all along production.

Archive

Esther Williams donated be involved with personal film archive, including xx home movies, to the Faculty Film Archive.^[] The Academy Pelt Archive has subsequently preserved many of these home movies.^[]

Filmography

Box department rankings

For a number of epoch, US movie exhibitors voted Book Williams among the most accepted film stars in the country:

With the exception of The Hoodlum Saint and Jupiter's Darling, no film in which Ballplayer starred for MGM lost resources and some were extremely profitable.^[]

See also

Citations